The threshold connected to the mass criterion is shown in Table 2, “Threshold” column, as “3”. During the third or last phase of the ARIES Algorithm, a decision is made about where in the log to start the processing. If a candidate solution has a score that is worse than the threshold for that criterion (in the example, that means that it scores lower than 3 for mass), it will be rejected (Table 2, “Eliminated or Approved” columns), no matter how well that solution might have scored in the other criteria. "Mind Tools" is a registered trademark of Emerald Works Limited. I. B. create a final, full-scale prototype. This makes it a great technique to use in almost any important decision where there isn't a clear and obvious preferred option. Pugh, S. (1981). Score each choice for each factor using numbers from 0 (poor) to 5 (very good), and then allocate weights to show the importance of each of these factors. For every $1 billion invested in projects by companies in the United States, $122 million was wasted due to lacking project performance, according to Project Management Institute Research. We then chose to make mass an eliminatory criterion. Thanks for the link. Later, the focus is typically on solving problems… Sophisticated MCDA can involve highly complex modeling of different potential scenarios, using advanced mathematics. 6) Hence, candidate solutions A and C tie as the best ones according to this set of criteria, criteria weighting, and scoring per candidate solution per criterion. Elements of a decision matrix show decisions based on certain decision criteria. 4) Each score has to be adjusted by its importance. Now multiply each of your scores from step 2 by the values for relative importance of the factor that you calculated in step 3. After identifying the site selection elements, the next step is to assign weighting factors to each criterion. The project management life cycle describes high-level processes for delivering a successful project. If your intuition tells you that the top scoring option isn’t the best one, then reflect on the scores and weightings that you’ve applied. That means that non-eliminatory criteria serve for ranking purposes but not for eliminatory purposes per se. Tweak III As for tweak III, let’s say that one of the product requirements states a maximum permissible mass. Make your personal plan for achieving your goals and dreams - FREE when you join the Mind Tools Club before January 7. I have also found the following link from NASA to be informative and is consistent with your post, because the authors also state that sometimes, a combination of methods is more appropriate: https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/survey_of_trade_study_methods_-_baker.pdf. Tweak II will tackle this weakness. Table 2: Implementation of the four tweaks for the Decision Matrix. As mentioned above, the technique is more robust if you standardize all your input scores. That is possible if that solution ranks very well in many criteria despite the fact that it is unsatisfactory according to one or more. It's particularly powerful where you have a number of good alternatives to choose from, and many different factors to take into account. … It was proposed by Kepner and Tregoe in 1965 as part of the Kepner-Tregoe methodology. II. Imagine that your boss has put you in charge of taking on a new outsourced IT supplier. Roli Pathak, in her overview Top 5 Project Management Phases, says of this phase a project deliverable is developed and completed, adhering to a mapped-out plan. Note 3: What happens after the process that this blog post describes: I proceed to the second graft-then-prune pass (i.e., execute and then deliver) in the second diamond of the Double Diamond method. In the analysis phase, the process entails digging into the results of the inventory and making sure that things are aligned in a number of different ways. 5) For each candidate solution, add all the adjusted scores (from the first to the last criterion), and you’ll have the overall weighted score for that solution. to estimate them. display: none !important; I tried to convey useful ideas in a friendly way, and the example supports that approach a lot. C. identify concepts that will proceed further in the development process. What am I going to wear today? Note 2: For the sake of readability and concept flow, I only show four candidate solutions, not all twelve. In the inventory phase most projects were at least superficially aligned to the strategic goals set by the company. The next step is to work out the relative importance of the factors in your decision. The criteria selected and the allocated weights will differ from case to case. Here's a step-by-step guide with an example. Results Discussion As a result of this exercise, we have: • rejected candidate solution D due to its mass (Table 2, “Eliminated or Approved (Candidate Solution D)” column). The latter pair is an analogy borrowed from the Decision Making field, which seems appropriate since this work deals with Decision Making applied to the Design Process. This will give you weighted scores for each option/factor combination. Master planning to accommodate all participants' activities and needs in achieving the project goals; 4. Sometimes we have multiple options to choose from when determining requirements and deciding which project to work on. By using a weighted decision matrix method as presented below. from 0 to +1 or -1 to +1). Decision Matrix Analysis is the simplest form of Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA), also known as Multiple Criteria Decision Aid or Multiple Criteria Decision Management (MCDM). Like a hand tool or a power tool, or even a paintbrush. This is the first time I'm using MindTools as a paid user. (1) Select the options you wish to compare and choose between. Use ratios (standardized grades) in the raw scores (i.e., the scores you choose, the inputs). So how can you make sure you make the best decision, while taking all of these different factors into account? Importantly, it is not weighted to allow a quick selection process. Every eliminatory criterion requires a threshold which will either accept or reject each candidate solution based on its score for that criterion. Depending on if you use tweak I or not, you might have final outputs from the matrix (i.e., one overall weighted score per candidate solution) of different magnitudes. The option that scores the highest wins! One option is to calculate the simple arithmetic mean of the scores for all the candidate solutions for that criterion (Table 2, “Average score (arithmetic mean) for criterion across candidate solutions” column). 3.B) For each criterion, we’ll be calculation a standard value. ** Also known as “ranking-only criteria”, i.e., the non-eliminatory criteria are not associated with thresholds. Let’s use an example that illustrates the Decision Matrix method by using it along with the Double Diamond design framework to create and select candidate solutions. I also like the conclusion, because it is quite truthful in stating that there will always be some level of subjectivity. Thanks for this informative article, and the simple explanation, as well as the example. It's particularly powerful where you have a number of good alternatives to choose from, and many different factors to take into account. Policy, Acceptable Prioritization is done based on factors (causes) that are in your control and the impact (extent) of the factor on the problem or the effect. (3) Assign weights to each of the criteria (note that the weights must add up to 1). You can also use, as standard value, the absolute value of the score whose modulus is the highest, or the maximum possible score for that criterion (i.e., 5 if you are using scores from 1 to 5). The highest scoring option will be the best option. They develop solutions, pilot the process changes, implement their ideas and collect data to confirm they made a measurable difference. It is essential to select and agree the decision criteria and weights for each beforehand, otherwise the process can be manipulated to force a decision. That is shown in Table 2, “Standardized input score for Candidate Solution” columns. In case you’re wondering, an evaluation function is a mathematical model which describes how good a candidate solution is. The activity requires three things: (1) brainstorming by project own Again, let’s use numbers from 1 to 5. © Emerald Works Limited 2020. Shall I go by bus or by bicycle to work? Proceedings International Conference on Engineering Design, March 1981, Rome,' Zürich: Heurista. Use a weighted geometric evaluation function (instead of the weighted arithmetic one shown above). This article also uses the terms grafting and pruning, respectively. The model which is often used by crisis managers, or that they use a ‘civilised’ version of, is the police decision … Having all criteria as ranking-only might cause the design team to sketch and even physically prototype a solution that is hopeless (since there is no threshold for elimination). Below is a second example of the vacation decision matrix, this time using weighted criteria. Your email address will not be published. But you don't want to make your decision on cost alone – factors such as contract length, underlying technology, and service levels need to be taken into consideration. In addition, the analyst provides for users to complete effective input to the information system by using techniques of good form and Web page or screen design. While this sounds complex, this technique is actually quite easy to use. How to use it well is on the decision maker. Also, if an option scores very poorly for a factor, decide whether this rules it out altogether. Reminder that we’re still using “higher is better”. Awesome! Store, Corporate II. It’s your choice. During phase I of a clinical trial, investigators spend several months looking at the effects of the medication on about 20 to 80 people who have no underlying health conditions. This section should familiarize the reader with the underlying assumptions made during the planning process. Thanks for this informative article, and the simple explanation, as well as the example. Required fields are marked *, × seven = sixty three .hide-if-no-js { free newsletter, or Hence, what we called step 3 in the process shown above will now be called 3.A. the first sub phase is grafting and pruning candidate solutions (discovering and then defining them, i.e., using divergent and then convergent thinking); the second sub phase is a more mature round of divergent and then convergent thinking, i.e., grafting and then pruning candidate solutions (executing and delivering them, respectively). Count of users deduped by GA User ID. Let us know your suggestions or any bugs on the site, and you could win a You’ll see a few more papers using such techniques on my Google Scholar web page: https://scholar.google.ca/citations?user=8yx7BnUAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao. (2) Select the criteria you want to use to compare the options. A typical decision matrix is then constructed, in which a set of design criteria, including strength, weight, machinability, corrosion resistance, and material cost, are listed in the first row of the decision matrix, as shown in Table 2.2.Note that machining cost is implicitly incorporated into the machinability criterion. Being able to use Decision Matrix Analysis means that you can take decisions confidently and rationally, at a time when other people might be struggling to make a decision. 3.C) The standardized score is the raw score you entered divided by the arithmetic mean (or the score whose modulus is the highest, or the maximum possible score for that criterion, or the baseline value). Table 2 shows the implementation of all the above tweaks. Hence, multiply it by the criterion weight. Creating a Decision Matrix – The Steps. Decision Matrix Analysis is a useful technique to use for making a decision. Are you getting the most of your decision matrix? 2) Choose a weight (importance) for each of the criteria (Table 1, “Criterion Weight” column): I’ll use numbers from 1 to 5. The X-Y Matrix is a Six Sigma tool mostly used during the DMAIC measure phase and the DMADV measure phase to show the relationship between X and Y factors. That criterion can also be used to rank solutions, just like the non-eliminatory criteria**. D. eliminate all probable mistakes in the launch phase. I have also found the following link from NASA to be informative and is consistent with your post, because the authors also state that sometimes, a combination of methods is more appropriate: https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/survey_of_trade_study_methods_-_baker.pdf. It’s the foundation of many decision-making (and optimization) techniques. Conclusion At the end of the day, since it’s all about humans making decisions, even when using this powerful tool, there’s still a great deal of subjectivity. IV. After the overall weighted scores are done, turn them into ratios (i.e., standardized grades, e.g. Now it’s prune time (define candidate solutions). This approach increases the The matrix is useful for looking at large masses of decision factors and assessing each factor's relative significance. Start by downloading our free worksheet. For a more detailed description of the six-phase model and the task packets for each phase… describe precisely how … Use Policy. Tweak IV will tackle this weakness. I’ll now present some tweaks to improve the basic version of the technique presented above. That alone shows a great impact of Tweak III. The four design phases above are divided into two sub phases: During the first phase of the Double Diamond (discover candidate solutions), the process is to brainstorm and graft twelve possible solutions. Finally, add up these weighted scores for each of your options. If they are not, then use a technique such as Paired Comparison Analysis If that was not the case, that would be chosen as the best solution, since it has the highest overall weighted score (0.99). There are competing interests on projects, and the larger and more complex the project, the greater the number of issues and concerns that need to be addressed. This phase consist of two efforts: Low-Rate Initial Production (LRIP) and Full-Rate Production Decision Review (FRPDR). Tweak I will tackle this weakness. Mark focused on a specific application of the technique introduced by Stuart Pugh in his masterpiece “Concept Selection – A Method that Works.” We’ll take a step back and revisit Kepner-Tregoe’s original Decision Matrix, then propose tweaks to make it broader and more robust. Help your people to continue their learning at a time and a place which suits them. Figure 2 - Decision Making During a Crisis. The phase has two major effort; (1) Low-Rate Initial Production (LRIP) and (2) Full-Rate Production and Deployment (FRP&D). A lot of tasks during thi… As a result, Hershey Park received the highest score. After the completion of the trade-off matrix, you can go back and start again the modification of anything, like the criteria itself, the metrics, the assigned weight. Concept Selection: A Method That Works. cost, manufacturability, electrical power usage, hazardous emissions, mass (Table 1, “Criterion” column). A weighted decision matrix operates in the same way as the basic decision matrix but introduc… A weighted arithmetic evaluation function might be too complacent with candidate solutions that rank very well on some criteria but too poorly on others. Decision Matrix Analysis helps you to decide between several options, where you need to take many different factors into account. tools and resources that you'll find here at Mind Tools. In this example, we chose to do so. A basic decision matrix consists of establishing a set of criteria for options that are scored and summed to gain a total score that can then be ranked. Decision Matrix Analysis is a useful technique to use for making a decision. Let’s quickly go through the various steps you need to take to create your decision matrix. However, it is unclear to me what you did to arrive at the final solution shown in the last table. Multiply each score by the weight of the factor, to show its contribution to the overall selection. Tweak I We’ll be starting from tweak I. The cause and effect matrix is commonly used during the Analyze phase of DMAIC and is sometimes called the fishbone diagram.It is primarily used to uncover root causes of an effect, but is also useful for diagramming an organization, showing hierarchies of parts, 5 Whys, and project planning. This is especially useful when you’re trying to improve an existing solution, as we many times do in the field of Engineering. Vinnie has a Masters in Mechanical-Mechatronics Engineering from the University of Sao Paulo (Brazil) and previously worked at Zycor Labs and Woke Studio (Vancouver) as a Project Manager. In the fields of Decision Making and Optimization, hybrid techniques are often used so that one is able to leverage, for instance, the robustness of one and the performance of the other. To use the tool, lay out your options as rows on a table. Up, Mind Tools To be able to make an unbiased site selection, a decision matrix is used where site criteria are scored for each of the candidate sites. If they’ve done their work right, they’ll have the opportunity to create innovative and elegant solutions. The analyst designs procedures for users to help them accurately enter data so that data going into the information system are correct. Candidate solution B, on the other hand, is deemed the least desirable one. The OODA loop is the cycle observe–orient–decide–act, developed by military strategist and United States Air Force Colonel John Boyd.Boyd applied the concept to the combat operations process, often at the operational level during military campaigns.It is now also often applied to understand commercial operations and learning processes. Alternatively, you can use a baseline value. IV. A decision matrix is a list of values in rows and columns that allows an analyst to systematically identify, analyze, and rate the performance of relationships between sets of values and information. to view a transcript of this video. The phase begins after a successful Milestone C review and Engineering, Manufacturing and Development (EMD) Phase. Score each option from 0 (poor) to 5 (very good). Note that given the way we chose the criteria weights (higher means more important) and scores (higher means better), the higher the overall weighted score, the better the solution. All rights reserved. This is shown in figure 2: This makes it clear to the caterer that Supplier 4 is the best option, despite the lack of flexibility of its payment options. Receive new career skills every week, plus get our latest offers and a free downloadable Personal Development Plan workbook. That second diamond narrows three solutions down to one, which will be further developed. You then score each option/factor combination, weight this score by the relative importance of the factor, and add these scores up to give an overall score for each option. To select the best option, we can use tools such as a weighted decision matrix. What enters my mind immediately after seeing the simplistic presentation of Decision Matrix Analysis here on MindTools, is whether links to Wikipedia articles would suffice and eclipse a large amount of redundant content here that is presented simplistically. Hence, if cost is highly important to you, choose 4 or 5. Most of the decisions focus on the day-to-day operation of the project. Decision Matrix Analysis works by getting you to list your options as rows on a table, and the factors you need consider as columns. Show these as numbers from, say, 0 to 5, where 0 means that the factor is absolutely unimportant in the final decision, and 5 means that it is very important. }. If we accept that there are a series of decisions made during a crisis, then we should look at whether there are tools to help us make decisions. Sometimes you do not want to use the scores for all criteria as numbers from 1 to 5. He multiplies these by the scores already entered, and totals them. Firstly he draws up the table shown in figure 1, and scores each option by how well it satisfies each factor: Next he decides the relative weights for each of the factors. The third and last decision phase consists of the various functional decisions that are to be made instantly within minutes, hours or days. Tweak III will tackle this weakness. A Decision Matrix is a decision making technique used when a number of candidate solutions exist and one or more must be chosen for further development. Most of them are snap decisions we make unconsciously and intuitively. A lot of business decision making, however, is based on approximate or subjective data. The types of alignment analysis that can be performed during this phase are: The latter is especially useful when your goal is to create your range of possible outcomes such as the perfect solutions is – by definition – 1.00. Weaknesses of the simplest Decision matrix: I. Six Sigma DMAIC Process - Analyze Phase - Control Impact Matrix This is a prioritization tool that is used in conjunction with the C&E tool typically after the causes have been captured using C&E. The Decision Makers use a tree analogy: ideas are branches that are grafted and then pruned while goals (i.e., prototypes or end products) are leaves. You and your project team have worked through the planning phase. The overall weighted score above plays precisely that role. Project inception and preliminary planning require: 1. Subscribe to our With your detailed plan in hand, your team is ready to start phase #3, the Execution phase. join the Mind Tools Club and really supercharge your career! This defined process also provides an opportunity, at the end, to review whether the decision was the right one. It is therefore unnecessary to continue discussing what is to be made during the implementation phase. Your email address will not be published. Thoughtful and clear understanding of project goals and needs (Project Scope); 2. Shall I take a second cup of coffee? Definition and agreement of stakeholder roles and responsibilities; 3. Click here The Improve Phase is where the team gets to solve the problem. On large, complex projects, hundreds of decisions are made every day. Get our 2021 Life Plan Workbook, absolutely FREE when you join the Mind Tools Club before January 7. Solutions, Privacy If all has gone well, this was already determined in the definition phase and the design phase. If candidate solution B is efficient with electrical energy, you might want to use 4 (Table 1, “Score for Candidate Solution” columns). At Nexight Group, we’re often asked to help clients make complex decisions on project portfolios or during facilitated workshops, and the decision matrix tool is the first one I turn to for help. For example, if you were buying a new laptop, factors to consider might be cost, dimensions, and hard disk size. ©2020 StarFish Product Engineering Inc. All rights reserved. (It's perfectly acceptable to have factors with the same importance.). Now I have weighted scores for each cell, which represents how well a candidate solution scores according to a criterion – taking into account how important the criterion is (Table 1, “Weighted Score for Candidate Solution” columns). Vinnie Moraes is a Project Manager at StarFish Medical. Newsletter Sign Using a step-by-step decision-making process can help you make more deliberate, thoughtful decisions by organizing relevant information and de˜ning alternatives. You could decide to go with the low-cost option. 3) For each of the candidate solutions, assign a score for each of the criteria: if the candidate solution A ranks average for hazardous emissions, use 3. That is especially true when using quantitative, eliminatory criteria e.g. In the design phase of the System Development Life Cycle (SDLC), the systems analyst uses the information collected earlier to accomplish the logical design of the information system. This is shown at the bottom of the table: the weighted scores are 57, 50, 57, and 56 for candidate solutions A, B, C, and D, respectively. Finally add up the total scores for each option. ... use the decision matrix below to support that process. Also, steps 3.B and 3.C are now added. Those phases have been phrased in different ways along the years and across industries. A decision matrix for site selection is shown in Tabl… 1) Create a criteria to rank your candidate solutions, e.g. Production and Development (PD) Phase The purpose of the PD Phase is to achieve an operational capability that satisfies the users and mission needs. DECISION MAKING Decision making is the process of making choices by identifying a decision, gathering information, and assessing alternative resolutions. List all of your options as the row labels on the table, and list the factors that you need to consider as the column headings. I also like the conclusion, because it is quite truthful in stating that there will always be some level of subjectivity. p.497-506. mass. I’m glad that you found that useful. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/survey_of_trade_study_methods_-_baker.pdf, https://scholar.google.ca/citations?user=8yx7BnUAAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao. • rejected candidate solution C due to its cost (Table 2, “Eliminated or Approved (Candidate Solution C)” column ). This may be a sign that certain factors are more important to you than you initially thought. This is where their hard work pays off. Table 1: A Weighted Decision Matrix in its simplest form. The result follows: 3.A) For each of the candidate solutions, assign a score to each of the criteria. You have devised a solid strategy for your project. It may also be used to determine the objective of the FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) study or determine the primary factors of a designed experiment like the DOE plan. I’ll address one by one the weaknesses of the simplest version of the Decision Matrix and then explain how the tweaks will tackle those flaws. Early in the project, decisions focus on choosing between alternative options for accomplishing project goals and determining how the project will be executed. The goal of this step is to reduce the twelve solutions down to three solutions which will be developed further using StarFish Phase Zero prototyping processes (i.e., sketching and then creating physical models of the concepts). In: Hubka, V. Part of the logic… Suggestions have been made on how these can be adapted to apply to design change management. Join over 6000 medical device professionals who receive our engineering, regulatory and commercialization insights and tips every month. * You might argue that if the matrix was not weighted, it would be even simpler, but I will be using weighted evaluation functions as a premise. Subscribe to Mind Tools before Jan 7 and get a FREE downloadable Life Plan workbook! Quality Function Deployment. He has a passion for getting the most out of everything and educating and is a master of decision matrices. It would be ideal if across the organization, ranges would be always the same so that different studies, teams, and departments could speak the same language. The Weighted Decision Matrix Process in its simplest* form is manifested in the table above, and is created by following the steps below. Next, work your way down the columns of your table, scoring each option for each of the factors in your decision. Find out about our corporate products from Emerald Works. Wasted money and resources can be prevented with effective project management, as 57% of unsuccessful projects fail due to communicati… The Materiel Solution Analysis Phase (MSA) ends when the Analysis of Alternatives (AoA) has been completed, a materiel solution option for the capability need is recommended, and the phase-specific entrance criteria for the initial review milestone have been satisfied. All participants ' activities and needs in achieving the project that it is quite truthful in that. Poorly on others or 10 options which is based on the day-to-day operation the. Below to support that process many decision-making ( and optimization ) techniques standardize all input. That it is unsatisfactory according to one, which will either accept or reject each candidate solution B, the... The terms grafting and pruning, respectively using a step-by-step decision-making process can you... That will proceed further in the image at the top of this stage is to be made instantly minutes... Of Emerald Works Limited is the first requires definition of thresholds for elimination ) &... Production ( LRIP ) and Full-Rate Production decision review ( FRPDR ) the fact that it therefore! Tools before Jan 7 and get a FREE downloadable Life plan workbook is shown in table 2 “... The decisions focus on choosing between alternative options for accomplishing project goals and -! This defined process also provides an opportunity, at the end, to review whether decision. That it is not weighted to allow a quick selection process process changes, implement their ideas and collect to! Many different factors to take into account very poorly for a factor, to show its contribution to overall! Matrix, this technique is actually quite easy to use elegant solutions but too poorly on others decisions are... Design change management to view a transcript of this stage is to determine a solution which based... Kpiv ’ s the foundation of many decision-making ( and optimization ) techniques well is on the,! Alternatives to choose from, and many different factors into account along the years and industries! The top of this blog it is therefore unnecessary to continue their learning at a time and a downloadable! And Tregoe in 1965 as part of the COOP decision-making ( and optimization techniques. N'T a clear and obvious preferred option MindTools as a result, Park... Adjusted by its importance. ), not all twelve the focus this. Also like the conclusion, because it is quite truthful in stating that there will always be some level subjectivity! Clear and obvious preferred option ( and optimization ) techniques III below ll now present tweaks! That will proceed further in the log to start the processing best,... Impact of tweak III as for tweak III below performance for years 2017 to 2019 I III... Plan workbook was proposed by Kepner and Tregoe in 1965 as part of the technique presented.... Hl=En & oi=ao review ( FRPDR ) power tool, lay out your options: implementation the! A criteria to rank solutions, pilot the process shown above ) let ’ s use from. Very good ) to make mass an eliminatory criterion different suppliers, and the example * also known “... All twelve when using quantitative, eliminatory criteria on tweak III as for tweak III below rank your solutions! Scoring option will be further developed or even a paintbrush their work,! ( very good ) glad that you found that useful or days user=8yx7BnUAAAAJ & hl=en &.! Arithmetic evaluation function ( instead of the factor, to review whether the decision matrix Analysis is useful... Now added continue discussing what is to be made instantly within minutes, hours or days to! Technique presented above Select the criteria ( the first place for achieving your goals and needs project..., turn them into ratios ( Standardized grades, e.g re wondering, an evaluation function might be,! ; 4 powerful where you need to take to create innovative and elegant solutions understanding of project and. Requires a threshold which will be the best option, we ’ have! Table, scoring each option III as for tweak III, which are self-explanatory... Each of the candidate solutions that rank very well in many criteria the... Not want to use operation of the four tweaks for the decision maker importantly, it is to. Step 3 in the process shown above will now be called 3.A to: A. develop a plan! Better ” higher is better ” are to be made instantly within minutes, hours or days registered! Criteria e.g 3.C are now added too poorly on others a time and a place which them. Use a technique such as a paid user for users to help them accurately enter so! By Kepner and Tregoe in 1965 as part of the factor that you found useful! Free downloadable personal Development plan workbook elimination ) of business decision making is the of... Stating that there will always be some level of subjectivity, based on certain criteria.
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